Gastritis

Gastritis refers to the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. This inflammation can disrupt the normal production of stomach acid and digestive enzymes, which are important for the breakdown and digestion of food. As a result, individuals with gastritis may experience the following symptoms:

• Piercing, gripping pain in the stomach
• Feeling of fullness
• Burning feeling in the stomach between meals or at night
• Burning feeling in the chest due to acid reflux
• Belching or burping
• Lack of appetite
• Stomach bloating
• Hiccups
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea

Symptoms of severe gastritis may include:

• Blood in vomit
• Black, tarry stools
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Weakness
• High fever
• Inability to take any foods or liquids by mouth

Infectious agents, especially Helicobacter pylori, and NSAIDs are responsible for the majority of cases of gastritis:

• H. pylori-associated gastritis: H. pylori gastritis is one of the most common causes of gastritis. It occurs due to the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria in the stomach, which infects the stomach lining and causes inflammation. It is often contracted through contaminated food or water.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Frequent or long-term use of NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen can irritate the stomach lining, causing erosive gastritis. These medications can disrupt the protective mechanisms of the stomach, leading to inflammation.

Prolonged use of painkillers can affect the regulation of prostaglandin hormones. Prostaglandins help regulate stomach mucus and substances that neutralize gastric acid. Without sufficient prostaglandin, the stomach wall loses protection from acid.

Note: The combined use of painkillers with steroids can worsen the damaging effects on the gastric lining.

The following factors can contribute to the development of gastritis. Chronic gastritis is a condition that may develop due to repeated or persistent exposure to many of these factors.

• Virus: Viruses such as enterovirus and Epstein-Barr virus can cause viral gastritis.
• Parasitic infections: Parasites such as cryptosporidium are known to cause gastritis.
• Fungal infections: Fungal infections such as candidiasis can also cause gastritis, typically occurring in individuals with weakened immune systems.
• Alcohol: Heavy or prolonged alcohol consumption can irritate and damage the stomach lining, making individuals more susceptible to alcohol gastritis.
• Smoking: Smoking has been identified as a risk factor for gastritis. It can weaken the protective lining of the stomach and impair the healing process, increasing the risk of inflammation.
• Age: Gastritis can affect individuals of any age, but the risk tends to increase with age. Older adults may have a higher risk due to factors such as a weakened immune system, prolonged use of medications, and a higher likelihood of H. pylori infection.
• Stress: While stress itself may not directly cause gastritis, it can worsen symptoms and increase the risk of developing the condition. Chronic stress may influence the production of stomach acid and disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive system.
• Autoimmune disorders: In some cases, the immune system may mistakenly attack the cells of the stomach lining, leading to autoimmune gastritis. This type of gastritis is less common but can be chronic and severe.
• Systemic conditions: Certain systemic diseases can also contribute to the development of gastritis, including:
  • Crohn's disease (a type of inflammatory bowel disease)
  • Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels)
  • Sarcoidosis (growth of inflammatory cells)
  • Ischemia (reduced blood flow)
• Bile reflux: When bile from the small intestine flows back into the stomach, it can irritate and inflame the stomach lining, causing gastritis.
• Radiation therapy: Exposure to high doses of radiation, such as during radiation therapy for cancer treatment, can cause gastritis. The radiation damages the cells of the stomach lining, leading to inflammation and discomfort.
• Obesity: While obesity itself is not considered a direct risk factor for gastritis, it can still play an indirect role in its development. Obesity-related factors such as acid reflux, increased stomach pressure, and unhealthy dietary choices can irritate the stomach lining and exacerbate symptoms of gastritis.

Your doctor will take a thorough medical history, including any medications you are taking and your family history. This will be followed by a physical examination.

To diagnose gastritis, doctors typically use a combination of the following tests:

1. Esophageal pH test
   This test helps measure stomach acid by checking how much stomach acid enters through the food pipe and how long it stays in the stomach.
2. Lab tests
   • CBC - This test checks for high levels of white blood cells indicative of inflammation or infection. The test also looks for anemia, or a low red blood cell count, an indicator of blood loss, which can be linked to gastritis.
   • Stool test - It checks for H. Pylori or other infections. It is also useful in ruling out other infections that cause chronic diarrhea.
   • H. Pylori Breath test - In this test, you are given a special solution to swallow. If the H. pylori bacteria are present in the gut, gas by-products are released and detected in your breath.
   • Helicobacter Pylori Antibodies Panel (IgA, IgG & IgM) test - This test is used to detect the presence of IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies against H. pylori infection.
3. Imaging tests
   • Upper Endoscopy - During this procedure, a small flexible tube (known as an endoscope) is inserted down the throat to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
   • Barium swallow test (esophagram) - In this procedure, you need to drink a liquid barium mixture. An X-ray of the chest and upper abdomen is then done to help identify any physical abnormalities in the stomach or esophagus.
4. Biopsy - A small piece of tissue is removed from the inside of the stomach for further testing and analysis.

While it is not possible to completely eliminate the risk of gastritis, there are measures you can take to reduce it. Here are some tips that may help prevent gastritis:

1. Make dietary changes

A clean, well-balanced wholesome diet is the cornerstone of overall health and immunity and can help evade gastritis. At the same time, it is important to identify and avoid any specific foods or beverages that seem to worsen your symptoms.

• Consume fiber-rich foods.
• Flavonoid and antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and beverages.
• Foods high in B vitamins, calcium, and protein like almonds, whole grains, leafy greens, and lean meats.
• Healthier cooking oils like olive oil and ghee.
• 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily.

• Avoid or limit refined foods such as white breads, pastas, and sugar.
• Excessive intake of oily and spicy foods.
• Refined white sugar and sugar-containing items like cakes, muffins, and cookies.
• Stomach irritants like coffee, alcohol, and carbonated drinks.
• Overeating to prevent excessive acid production and strain on digestion.

2. Avoid excessive use of NSAIDs

Excessive and prolonged use of NSAIDs, commonly used for pain relief, are the main culprit when it comes to gastritis. It is crucial to adhere to healthcare professional’s instructions when using NSAIDs, avoid long-term usage without medical supervision, and consider alternative pain management methods whenever available.

3. Reduce the risk of H. pylori infection from contaminated food and water

Practice good hand hygiene, wash hands before handling food, after using the bathroom, and after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces. Cook meat thoroughly, avoid cross-contamination, and promptly refrigerate perishable foods. Drink safe, clean water and avoid consuming raw or undercooked foods.

4. Quit smoking

Smoking weakens the stomach lining and impairs healing. Seek supportive measures like counselling, nicotine replacement therapy, and behavioral therapies for quitting.

5. Limit or abstain from alcohol

Excessive intake of alcohol can cause irritation and inflammation of the stomach lining. It is important to avoid engaging in binge drinking. Consumption of alcohol should always be practiced in moderation. Men should limit their alcohol intake to a maximum of two drinks per day, while women and the elderly should not exceed one drink per day. However, it is advisable to consider complete abstinence from alcohol, particularly if one has liver disease.

6. Manage stress effectively

Long-term stress can worsen gastritis symptoms and delay healing. Techniques like deep breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, and mindfulness-based stress reduction can help manage stress levels and promote relaxation. Engaging in activities that bring joy and practicing good self-care habits can also be beneficial.

The treatment of gastritis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. The treatment starts with identifying the possible causes of acute gastritis, such as long-term use of NSAIDs, excessive alcohol consumption, or H. pylori infection. The following medications and supplements are usually prescribed for the management of gastritis:

I. Medications

1. Antibiotics: If an infection causes gastritis, such as H. pylori, the following antibiotics may be prescribed to eliminate the bacteria:
   • Clarithromycin
   • Amoxicillin
   • Metronidazole
2. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): PPIs aid in relieving the symptoms of gastritis by decreasing gastric acid production. Examples include:
   • Esomeprazole
   • Lansoprazole
   • Omeprazole
   • Pantoprazole
   • Rabeprazole

   Note: Doctors commonly use "triple therapy" to treat H. pylori-related gastritis and ulcers. This therapy includes a combination of a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics. In most cases, triple therapy will successfully eliminate the infection. If additional treatment is required, doctors usually recommend quad therapy, which involves one PPI and three different antibiotics.

3. Antacids: Antacids neutralize the acid already in your stomach. They may relieve heartburn or indigestion but will not treat an ulcer. A few antacids include:
   • Aluminum hydroxide
   • Magnesium hydroxide
   • Calcium carbonate
   • Sodium bicarbonate
4. Histamine-2 (H2) blockers: H2 blockers reduce acid production and are usually more effective than antacids in relieving symptoms. H2 blockers include:
   • Cimetidine
   • Ranitidine
   • Nizatidine
   • Famotidine

   Note: Doctors may also prescribe sucralfate, which helps to coat the stomach lining and treat stomach ulcers.

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II. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements

Nutrition and diet go hand in hand with the medical management of gastritis. The following supplements may also be prescribed for digestive health:

1. Probiotics: High-quality probiotic supplements and foods like yogurt or kefir contain beneficial bacteria that can help restore the natural balance of gut flora. They may help reduce inflammation and promote a healthy stomach lining. Check out our prebiotics and probiotics supplement range. Explore Here
2. Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce inflammation in the stomach. They are commonly found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. You may also consider taking a fish oil or algae-based omega-3 supplement. Shop our wide range of Omega and Fish oil supplements. Fill Your Cart Now
3. Vitamin C: Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can help protect the stomach lining from oxidative damage. It also plays a role in tissue repair. Include foods rich in vitamin C in your diet, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, and bell peppers. If needed, vitamin C supplements can also be taken. Explore our widest range of nutritional supplements. Buy Now

Here are some home remedies that may help alleviate symptoms of gastritis.

• Ginger (Adrak): Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce irritation and inflammation in the stomach. It can be consumed in various forms, such as ginger tea, ginger ale, or by adding fresh ginger to your meals.
• Peppermint (Pudina): Peppermint has a soothing effect on the stomach and may help alleviate symptoms of gastritis. Drink peppermint tea or suck on peppermint candies, but be cautious if you have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as peppermint can worsen symptoms for some individuals.
• Chamomile tea: Chamomile has anti-inflammatory and calming properties that can help ease digestive discomfort. Drink chamomile tea between meals to soothe the stomach.
• Aloe vera: Aloe vera juice may help reduce inflammation and promote healing of the stomach lining. Drink a small amount of aloe vera juice (about 1/4 cup) before meals.
• Garlic (Lehsun): Garlic possesses antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Consuming raw crushed garlic is a good option to help alleviate symptoms of gastritis.
• Liquorice (Mulethi): It protects the stomach lining and reduces the chances of ulcer formation or gastritis.
• Cumin (Jeera) water: It has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties that help reduce gastritis symptoms.
• Broccoli: It has antibacterial properties and is known to help relieve gastritis symptoms.
• Turmeric (Haldi): Turmeric contains a compound called Curcumin, which possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It also inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori.
• Black seed oil: It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which help in reducing inflammation in the stomach and managing gastritis.

Note: Remember, these home care remedies may provide some relief, but they do not replace professional medical advice.

Acute gastritis usually does not cause any serious or long-term health problems. However, if it occurs frequently, is left untreated, and becomes chronic, it can lead to:

• Peptic ulcers: Gastritis can lead to the development of open sores on the stomach lining or the upper part of the small intestine, known as peptic ulcers.
• Atrophic gastritis: Chronic gastritis, including H. pylori gastritis and autoimmune gastritis, can progress to atrophic gastritis. In this condition, ongoing inflammation leads to the destruction of stomach glands responsible for producing acid and enzymes.
• Iron-deficiency anemia: Chronic bleeding from the stomach due to gastritis can cause iron deficiency anemia, characterized by a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin due to inadequate iron levels.
• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Autoimmune gastritis can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency as the immune system mistakenly attacks cells that produce intrinsic factors, a protein required for vitamin B12 absorption.
• Deficiency of other vitamins and minerals: Atrophic autoimmune gastritis can lead to deficiencies in vitamins C, D, and folic acid, as well as minerals like zinc, magnesium, and calcium.
• Gastric bleeding: Severe inflammation and erosions in the stomach lining can result in gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to the presence of blood in vomit or dark stools.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Gastritis can contribute to the development of GERD, a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
• Gastric polyps: These are small masses of cells that form on the lining of the stomach.

Here are some complementary and alternative therapies that may be beneficial for gastritis:

• Acupuncture: This technique involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body. It is believed to stimulate the body's natural healing processes and improve energy flow. Some studies suggest that acupuncture may help reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms associated with gastritis. Seek a qualified acupuncturist with experience in treating digestive disorders.

Living with gastritis can be challenging, but with proper management and lifestyle adjustments, you can effectively cope with the condition. Here are some tips to help you live with gastritis:

• Follow your healthcare provider's recommendations: It's important to work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that suits your specific needs. Follow their advice regarding medication usage, lifestyle modifications, and dietary recommendations.
• Take prescribed medications: Your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to reduce stomach acid production, neutralize acid, or treat any underlying infection. Take these medications as directed and report any side effects or concerns to your healthcare provider.
• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your body hydrated and promote healthy digestion. Avoid excessive consumption of carbonated beverages, as they can increase stomach acid production and worsen symptoms.
• Practice portion control: Overeating can put additional strain on your stomach and aggravate gastritis symptoms. Eat smaller portions and avoid eating late at night.
• Get enough sleep: Aim for a consistent sleep schedule and ensure you're getting enough quality sleep. Sleep deprivation and irregular sleep patterns can contribute to stress and exacerbate symptoms.
• Keep a symptom diary: Consider keeping a journal to track your symptoms, food triggers, and any patterns you notice. This can help you identify specific triggers and make informed decisions about your diet and lifestyle.
• Reach out for support: Living with gastritis can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. Seek support from friends, family, or support groups who can provide understanding, encouragement, and advice.
• Adopt a gastritis-friendly diet: Avoid foods that trigger or worsen your symptoms.

Include the following foods in your diet:

• High-fiber foods, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and beans
• Low-fat foods, such as fish, lean meats, and vegetables
• Less acidic foods, such as vegetables and beans
• Probiotic foods, such as kombucha and yogurt
• Non-carbonated drinks
• Caffeine-free drinks

Avoid the following foods:

• Alcohol
• Caffeine
• Fried foods
• Spicy foods
• Sweet and sugary foods or drinks
• Acidic foods or drinks, such as orange juice and tomato juice
• Refined carbohydrates, such as white bread and pasta
• Processed meats, such as bacon, ham, and hot dogs